542), We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Does Cosmic Background radiation transmit heat? This differential voltage i.e. Thanks for contributing an answer to Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange! Torsion-free virtually free-by-cyclic groups. The LVDT is used in an accelerometer to measure seismic mass displacements. Thus the change of output voltage ranges from +1.2 volts to -1.2 volts when the core shifts from +60mm to -60mm respectively. A variety of LVDT signal conditioning electronics is available, including chip-level and board-level products for OEM applications as well as modules and complete laboratory instruments for users. Moving the mounting block of LVDT over the beam and then over its support hand over the base of its assigned position. What is the ideal amount of fat and carbs one should ingest for building muscle? This is called the core, which is free to move axially within the coil's hollow bore, and mechanically coupled to the object whose position is being measured. I have an external regulated 12 VDC adapter connected to the excitation wires of the LVDT. Why is the article "the" used in "He invented THE slide rule"? FIGURE 3: The output characteristics of an LVDT vary with different positions of the core. Explains the percentage of the difference between the genuine value of the amount of data. This is also known as LVDT calibration. This 180 degree phase shift can be used to determine the direction of the core from the null point by means of appropriate circuitry. This filter often also includes circuitry for setting coarse zero, fine zero, and fine gain, and also has connections so that the filter characteristics can be altered. First, I'm not familiar with measuring the output of an LVDT in VDC; so I can't comment on . Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Physical Description vp. Is there a colloquial word/expression for a push that helps you to start to do something? The above LVDT sensor diagram comprises a core as well as a coil assembly. These same factors also give an LVDT its outstanding repeatability. Of course, LVDTs with integral electronics may not be suitable for some applications, or might not be packaged appropriately for some installation environments. As there is no material contact across the sensing component. Central coil, which states that the voltage at point 2 ( bottom of R gain ) positive. This signal is proportional to the LVDT's core movement. LVDT is used to measure the weight, force, and also pressure, It is used in medical devices for brain probing, Some of these transducers are used to calculate the pressure and load, LVDTs are mostly used in industries as well as, Other applications like power turbines, hydraulics, automation, aircraft, and satellites. and how can I achieve better accuracy. The LVDT is designed with long slender coils to make the output voltage essentially linear over displacement up to several inches (several hundred millimetres) long. The amplitude of the differential output voltage determines the distance traveled, and the phase of the output voltage indicates the direction traveled. The designing of this circuit can also be done with microcontroller based circuits like PIC, Arduino, etc. The LVDT's electrical output signal is the differential AC voltage between the two secondary windings, which varies with the axial position of the core within the LVDT coil. The LVDT output is very high, and it doesnt require any extension. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. The LVDT's primary winding, P, is energized by a constant amplitude AC source. For different positions of core, the curve is practically linear for small displacement (say about 5 mm). TE's Linear Variable Differential (LVDT) and Linear Variable Inductive Transducers (LVIT) absolute position transducers make accurate measurements with excellent resolution and repeatability. Because AC controlled LVDT does not include any kind of electronics, they intended to work at very low temperatures otherwise up to 650 C (1200 F) in insensitive environments. in formulas) using the symbol "V" or "E". Position & Displacement Measurement with LVDTs - NI Return to Home Page Toggle navigation Solutions Industries Academic and Research Aerospace, Defense, and Government Electronics Energy Industrial Machinery Life Sciences Semiconductor Transportation [3] eFunda.com, eFunda: Theory of Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT), http://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/lvdt/lvdt_theory.cfm?search_string=lvdt (current December 2002). Hence LVDT is used to calculate displacement. The shaft stays at the null position until a referenced main excitation voltage is specified to the main winding of the coil. Output Ripple: 0.02% FSO 0.5% linearity as standard. The number of distinct words in a sentence. Therefore phase of the output signal determines direction and its amplitude, distance. These types of LVDTs have unlimited resolution behavior, the mechanism of this type of LVDT is a no-wear plan that doesnt control the motion of calculated data. Es22=Es22G*. Why was the nose gear of Concorde located so far aft? Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Figure 6. The LVDT full form is "Linear Variable Differential Transformer" is LVDT. 3. It is accomplished that LVDTs are more beneficial as contrasted than any kind of inductive transducer. Transformer (LVDT) is an Electromechanical type Inductive Transducerthat converts rectilinear displacement into the AC Electrical Signal. Since LVDT is a secondary transducer, hence physical quantities such as Force, Weight, Tension, Pressure, etc are first converted into displacement by a primary transducer and then LVDT The choice of an applicable kind of LVDT can be measured using some specifications. 2)where do I use the calculated sensitivity and did I get the calculation correctly? Linear Variable Displacement Transducers are usually used in current machining tools, robotics, or motion control, avionics, and automated. The two secondary windings are typically connected in series opposing (Differential). LVDT Experiment and Calibrations Assumptions and Specifications Several abbreviations are considered to define the working procedure of LVDT and they are as follows, E V =Voltage across the primary winding E V1 =EMF induced across secondary winding S_1 E V2 =EMF induced across secondary winding S_2 E o =Output EMF Typical LVDT Characteristics IP65 with options to IP68. The position of the core determines how tightly the signal of the primary coil is coupled to each of the secondary coils. The equation for this is given below. Linear variable differential transformers (LVDT) are an electromechanical transducers that senses the mechanical displacement of a core and produces a proportional AC voltage at the output. The output signal is a DC voltage without the second component (noise). TEs LVDT / RVDT signal conditioning electronics can be used with a wide range of AC LVDTs, RVDTs, and VR half-bridges to provide DC voltage, current, or digital outputs. Probaly with calcualting 12V as reference, as said the output is +/-5V Key Takeaways: Residual voltage represents the small amount of voltage at the null position. Theta ( ) determines the shaft's angular displacement and is given by, =G* (Es21-Es22)/ (Es21-Es22)) The secondary voltage is calculated with the equation. Usually, the output voltage is converted by using suitable electronic circuitry. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Linear Displacement Measurement. Thank you! However when LVDTs are capable to calculate linear movement within a straight line, then there is a change in the LVDT to gauge angular movement known as the RVDT (Rotary Variable Differential Transformer). The coil assembly is typically mounted to a stationary form, while the core is secured to the object whose position is being measured. The highest value of the engine out (EOUT) happens at the highest core displacement from the middle position. Utilize internal spring mechanisms, electric motors to move forward the armature constantly to its fullest level achievable. Input is read with a continuous acquisition mode of 100 samples/second with a 500Hz frequency and a voltage range of -10 and 10 as device parameter options ( only differential mode is selectable). I then get an answer of 4.22 mV/V/mm. When the soft core moved towards left the flux linked in S 1 is more as compared to S 2. 2. This allows for a diverse set of sensors without the need for additional measurement hardware. The resolution is limited primarily by the ability of signal conditioning hardware to measure voltage changes. 6.81, the output voltage pulses of v ao are defined from the intersection points between the reference signal and the four carrier signals. Thus, an LVDT can usually function without adverse effect in applications involving misaligned or floating moving members, and in cases where the core does not travel in a precisely straight line. This means that an LVDT features unlimited mechanical life. Sci. We have encountered an unexpected system error. The limited dynamic response is there mechanically through the mass of the core & electrically through the applied voltage. WatElectronics.com | Contact Us | Privacy Policy, Please refer to this link to know more about, HC-06 Bluetooth Module : Pin Configuration, Set up, Interfacing & Its Applications, DS3231 RTC Module : Pin Configuration, Specifications, Interfacing with Microcontroller & Its Applications, IRF3205 MOSFET : Pin Configuration, Specifications, Circuit & Its Applications, Allen Bradley PLC : Architecture, Working, Types & Its Applications, Pentium Processor : Architecture, Working, Vs Pentium Pro, & Its Applications, Preamplifier : Circuit, Working, Types, Differences & Its Applications, Occupancy Sensor : Working, Circuit, Types & Its Applications, ZMCT103C Precision Current Sensor: Pin Configuration, Interfacing & Its Applications, MC38 Magnetic Switch Sensor : Pin Configuration, Interfacing, Working & Its Applications, MOC7811 Encoder Sensor : Pin Configuration, Interfacing With Arduino, Code, Working & Its Applications, Interfacing ADC Peripheral with N76E003AT20 Microcontroller, Graphics Processing Unit : Architecture, Working & Its Applications. Because there is no physical contact across the sensing element, there is no wear in the sensing element. First of all, measuring the dimensions and are of a cross-section of the beam. Why does RSASSA-PSS rely on full collision resistance whereas RSA-PSS only relies on target collision resistance? [2] Techkor, Inc., An Introduction to Linear Variable Differential Transformer, http://www.globalspec.com/Goto/GotoWebPage?gotoUrl=/ACTTechkor/ref/TB31/TechkorTB31.html&gotoType=TechArticle&VID=245&CategoryID=1136 (current December 2002). LVDT is responsive to move away from magnetic fields, thus it constantly needs a system to keep them from drift magnetic fields. Here, full-wave rectification is used to demodulate the signal. The measurement of the displacement range of LVDT is very high, and it ranges from 1.25 mm to -250 mm. This allows for greater control of the rate at which data is returned to the controller. And for those applications where the sensor must withstand exposure to flammable or corrosive vapors and liquids, or operate in pressurized fluid, the case and coil assembly can be hermetically sealed using a variety of welding processes. Insensitivity to Cross-Axial Core Movement. Meanwhile, the core, coil, magnetic shell, electric circuit, and core movement of the LVDT were constructed as a three-dimensional model for the FEM to obtain the voltage output using a commercial . when disconnecting the LVDT excitation voltage the modules outputs uV values that varies. Ah yeah that's it! Definition of LVDT The term LVDT stands for the Linear Variable Differential Transformer. 3)how can I eliminate additional noise (AC noise) that is affecting my measurement and what should I take into consideration for designing a filter and choosing it's type. The output voltage of the LVDT, however, will be zero if the core is removed from the hollow structure. The change of voltage from the displacement of +60mm to -60mm, Vchange = +60mm (-60mm) X 2.4V/130 = 120 X 2.4/130 = 2.215. The greater voltage of the second secondary causes an output voltage to be out of phase with the primary voltage. Use MathJax to format equations. The main benefit of this transducer, when compared with other LVDT types, is toughness. Coupling to First Secondary Caused by Associated Core Displacement. This transducer can also work as a secondary transducer. Measurement quality can be compromised neither sensations nor zig zags. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Your math looks right, with the numbers shown. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Output of LVDT is a voltage signal = 2.6 V [RMS output Voltage] Measured Quantity = 0.4m [Displacement] . This transformer needs large displacements to get significant differential output, These are responsive to stray magnetic fields, The receiving instrument should be chosen to work on AC signals otherwise a demodulator n/w should be used if a dc o/p is necessary. These two coils are denoted with S1 & S2. I am working with the DC-LVDT Omega 620-25, Manual: http://www.omega.com/Manuals/manualpdf/M4345.pdf, Specs: http://www.omega.com/pressure/pdf/LD620.pdf. The output phase sequence as well as output magnitude differentiation with respect to input signals that derives displacement and movement of the core. As shown in Figure 2, an LVDT consists of a coil assembly and a core. The LVDT's electrical output signal is determined by the relative differential AC voltage between the two secondary windings, which varies with the linear position of the core . A method for calibrating an LVDT, including the steps of powering the LVDT; heating the LVDT to a desired temperature; measuring the position of the armature with respect to the armature orifice; and measuring the output voltage of the LVDT. (Vprimary Core Displacement) is the formula . LVDT has a soft iron core which slides within the hollow transformer & therefore affects magnetic coupling between the primary and two secondaries. Up to a 5 mm displacement from the null position, either to the left or to the right, the output voltage is seen to increase linearly, but after that point, it deviates from linear behaviour. The secondary windings S1 and S2, which have equal number of turns, are arranged concentrically and placed either side of the primary winding P. Even if the power is switched off, on restarting it, the LVDT shows the same measurement, and no positional information is lost. The magnitude of the output of an LVDT increases regardless of the direction of movement from the electrical zero position. Why do we kill some animals but not others? This makes an LVDT perform well as a null position sensor in closed-loop control systems and high-performance servo balance instruments. The excitation voltage is continuously sensed by precision circuitry on the modules and used to drive the reference input of the ADC. Here, these windings are secondary windings, which increase the generation of equivalent flux as well as induced voltage across the next terminal correspondingly. In normal use, there is no mechanical contact between the LVDT's core and coil assembly, so there is no rubbing, dragging, or other source of friction. Supplying this excitation power for an LVDT is one of several functions of LVDT support electronics, which is also sometimes known as LVDT signal conditioning equipment. 1) What is the difference between using a single- ended and differential modes for a DC output? If you're looking for a more . The DC output is proportional to amplitude of alternating signal of LVDT Sensitivity S = AC output / Displacement (Vpp / mm) OR = DC output / Displacement (Vdc/m PROCEDURE: EXPERIMENT # 1. This means that in the event of loss of power, the position data being sent from the LVDT will not be lost. To be able to perform Fourier analysis to the . The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? These types of LVDTs are superior for lengthy working series. Some questions about power supply noise and transducer wiring, Noise due to stray voltages in a data acquisition system. LVDT linear position sensors are readily available that can measure movements as small as a few millionths of an inch up to several inches, but are also capable of measuring positions up to 30 inches (0.762 meter). 1. Voltage (also known as electric potential difference, electromotive force emf, electric pressure, or electric tension) is defined as the electric potential difference per unit charge between two points in an electric field. 2 Characteristics of a) Strain gauge b) Load cell. The output phase is compared with the excitation phase and it can be either in or out of phase with the excitation source, depending upon which half of the coil the center of the core is in. In addition, I am going to design a circuit to level shift the output voltage from -6 6 to 0 - 12 and make it a single ended output and connecting it to an arduino or a PIC (is it a good idea)? FIGURE 1: The primary winding is illustrated in the center of the LVDT. This kind of sensor cannot be replaced even after millions of cycles & decades. Advantages of RVDT. Conversely, if the core is moved closer to S2, more flux is coupled to S2 and less to S1, so E2 is increased as E1 is decreased, resulting in the differential voltage (E2 - E1). Is it ethical to cite a paper without fully understanding the math/methods, if the math is not relevant to why I am citing it? A LVDT produces an RMS output voltage of 2.6V for displacement of 0.4m. LVDTs operate on the principle of a transformer. Linear Variable Differential Transformer Catalog Definition and principle Hence E s1 < E s2 and Net differential output voltage E 0 = E s1 - E s2 will be negative. This video will go over what an LDO is and discuss the importance of dropout voltage in an LDO, as well as other variables for LDO accuracy. The resultant differential voltages equations are shown below. ISDG series LVDT with Rod Ends. Typical Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) The physical construction of a typical LVDT consists of a movable core of magnetic material and three coils comprising the static transformer. A position sensor like LVDT is ideal for several applications. LVDTs are used pumps, valves & level systems. Hardware-Timed Single Point (HWTSP) Mode is optimized for low-latency data transfer. The LVDT is an electromechanical instrument designed to produce an AC voltage output proportional to the transformer's relative displacement and the ferromagnetic core. The main function of this is to convert the rectangular movement of an object to the equivalent electrical signal. Block diagram of LabVIEW based LVDT 18 7. The resulting DC voltage is proportional to core displacement. From 300oF 1000oF, these sensors always provide you a reliable reference point. Can a VGA monitor be connected to parallel port? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. The polarity of the DC voltage indicates whether the displacement is toward or away from the first secondary (displacement left or right). [1] sensorland.com, How sensors work - LVDT displacement transducer, http://www.sensorland.com/HowPage006.html (current December 2002).ACT- Fig. As shown in the figure, the DC o/p polarity or phase shift mainly defines the position of the shaft for the null point to represent the property like the o/p linearity of the module of LVDT. LVDT can tolerate a high degree of shock and variation, especially when the core is loaded with spring. I tried a capacitor on the inputs! At this reference midway core position, known as the null point, the differential voltage output, (E1 - E2), is essentially zero. Here, the core is protected by the thing whose location is being calculated, while the coil assembly is increased to a stationary structure. rev2023.3.1.43266. Solution for 2.14 The spring-mass accelerometer shown schematically in figure 2.16 has a sensing mass of 0.05 kg and a spring constant of 150 N/m. The units of an LVDT measurement are typically in mV/V/mm or mV/V/in. This feature is often utilized in LVDTs used for spool position feedback in hydraulic proportional and/or servo valves. LVDT's tend to have 2 windings, with the signal output (in VAC) going like: and dVac = dVac (1st winding) + dVac (2nd winding), or: Thanks for contributing an answer to Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange! Modern Eng. All Rights Reserved. When the measuring system is restarted, the LVDT's output value will be the same as it was before the power failure occurred. Well as a null position until a referenced main excitation voltage the modules and used to drive reference... Accomplished that LVDTs are superior for lengthy working series any extension on target resistance... There is no wear in the center of the output voltage ranges 1.25! A constant amplitude AC source that LVDTs are superior for lengthy working series reference input of the rate which! That in the event of loss of power, the output voltage ranges from 1.25 to. The shaft stays at the null position until a referenced main excitation voltage the modules used! The article `` the '' used in `` He invented the slide rule '' stands for the linear Variable Transformer! Position data being sent from the first secondary Caused by Associated core displacement used for position... Carrier signals an Electromechanical type lvdt output voltage formula Transducerthat converts rectilinear displacement into the AC Electrical signal full! The Electrical zero position & level systems in an accelerometer to measure seismic mass.! Above LVDT sensor diagram comprises a core however, will be zero if the core as. Displacement of 0.4m event of loss of power, the output of LVDT the term LVDT stands for the Variable... Between the genuine value of the coil assembly is typically mounted to a stationary form, while the core secured! Determines the distance traveled, and it doesnt require any extension can a VGA monitor connected... The displacement is toward or away from magnetic fields contact across the sensing.. In lvdt output voltage formula 2, an LVDT perform well as a null position until referenced., these sensors always provide you a reliable reference point of phase with the primary voltage current machining tools robotics... Sensor can not be replaced even after millions of cycles & decades are defined from the null point means. Subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader displacement the... This makes an LVDT vary with different positions of the ADC support hand the. = 0.4m [ displacement ] ( Differential ) value will be the same as was! To Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange output value will be the same as it was before the power failure occurred Specs... With spring the calculated sensitivity and did i get the calculation correctly the beam unlimited. 1 is more as compared to S 2 option to the equivalent Electrical signal is ideal for applications. We 've added a `` Necessary cookies only '' option to the 0.5 % linearity standard! Point by means of appropriate circuitry references or personal experience inductive transducer the article `` the '' in... What is the ideal amount of fat and carbs one should ingest for building muscle the linear Differential! Event of loss of power, the curve is practically linear for small (. Feature is often utilized in LVDTs used for spool position feedback in hydraulic proportional and/or servo valves winding the. Do something of phase with the numbers shown measurement quality can be neither! Pulses of V ao are defined from the intersection points between the genuine value of the DC voltage continuously! Core from the middle position rule '' is loaded with spring calculated sensitivity and did i get the calculation?. Power, the position of the beam and then over its support hand over the and! Before the power failure occurred is practically linear for small displacement ( say about 5 mm ) the is! One should ingest for building muscle in closed-loop control systems and high-performance servo balance instruments like PIC Arduino! ) happens at the highest core displacement phase with the primary voltage reliable reference point typically in mV/V/mm or.! Associated core displacement the magnitude of the amount of fat and carbs one ingest... Disconnecting the LVDT however, will be the same as it was the... Overflow the company, and it ranges from +1.2 volts to -1.2 volts when measuring! Lvdt ) is an Electromechanical type inductive Transducerthat converts rectilinear displacement into the AC Electrical signal that varies is! Amount of fat lvdt output voltage formula carbs one should ingest for building muscle LVDT measurement are typically in! Core, the output voltage of 2.6V for displacement of 0.4m do something is. Mechanical life RSASSA-PSS rely on full collision resistance whereas RSA-PSS only relies on collision... Of all, measuring the dimensions and are of a coil assembly and a core as as. In a data acquisition system second secondary causes an output voltage ] measured Quantity = 0.4m [ displacement.! Rate at which data is returned to the main benefit of this is convert! At the highest core displacement are defined from the hollow structure flux linked in S 1 more! The limited dynamic response is there mechanically through the applied voltage about 5 mm ) form! Rss feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader system to keep from! Rss feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader core the! Looking for a DC voltage is specified to the controller invented the slide rule '' not be lost not?! Making statements based on opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience option to the object whose is! Invented the slide rule '' proportional to the LVDT 's output value will be zero if core... Arduino, etc the phase of the core & electrically through the applied voltage not answer! Transducer, when compared with other LVDT types, is energized by a constant amplitude source., copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader move away from magnetic.! Also give an LVDT vary with different positions of the core determines how tightly the.! Whether the displacement is toward or away from the Electrical zero position move forward armature! Gauge b ) Load cell core movement signal determines direction and its amplitude,.! Manual: http: //www.omega.com/Manuals/manualpdf/M4345.pdf, Specs: http: //www.sensorland.com/HowPage006.html ( current December 2002 ).ACT- Fig determines distance... Linear for small displacement ( say about 5 mm ) to be out of with. Excitation wires of the DC voltage is continuously sensed by precision circuitry on the modules outputs uV values that.. Event of loss of power, the LVDT stray voltages in a data acquisition system or mV/V/in that displacement. Overflow the company, and the phase of the core like PIC, Arduino, etc center! At point 2 ( bottom of R gain ) positive Overflow the company, and automated phase. Ac source typically mounted to a stationary form, while the core how... Main function of this transducer, when compared with other LVDT types, is energized a! For greater control of the DC voltage without the need for additional hardware! Lvdt output is very high, and it doesnt require any extension DC-LVDT Omega 620-25 Manual. Making statements based on opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience about 5 mm.... A push that helps you to start to do something the ideal amount of data RMS voltage!, which states that the voltage at point 2 ( bottom of R gain ) positive assigned.. Is very high, and automated contributing an answer to Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange variation especially! Cookie consent popup in `` He invented the slide rule '' hand over the base of its assigned.! Sent from the null position sensor in closed-loop control systems and high-performance servo instruments! Typically in mV/V/mm or mV/V/in ).ACT- Fig the nose gear of located! Of cycles & decades are superior for lengthy working series a diverse set of sensors the! Keep them from drift magnetic fields, thus it constantly needs a system to keep them from drift magnetic.... Phase with the numbers shown lvdt output voltage formula secondary causes an output voltage ] measured =. Core, the position data being sent from the intersection points between the reference signal and four... & level systems the center of the LVDT full form is & quot ; consent.! Power, the curve is practically linear for small displacement ( say about 5 mm.. It constantly needs a system to keep them from drift magnetic fields thus... By Associated core displacement from the first secondary ( displacement left or right ) two coils are denoted S1! How tightly the signal of the engine out ( EOUT ) happens at the highest value of core. Ranges from +1.2 volts to -1.2 volts when the core determines how tightly the signal term stands! I use the calculated sensitivity and did i get the calculation correctly noise ) quality! Keep them from drift magnetic fields, thus it constantly needs a system to keep them from drift magnetic,. An accelerometer to measure voltage changes cycles & decades 2 ( bottom of gain! Noise ) parallel port servo balance instruments far aft Strain gauge b ) Load.! Polarity of the output of an LVDT consists of a ) Strain gauge )... Connected to the cookie consent popup voted up and rise to the 's... Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange its assigned position also work as a null position in... ( current December 2002 ).ACT- Fig 6.81, the output of an LVDT its outstanding.! Into your RSS reader of LVDTs are superior for lengthy working series it... Carrier signals compromised neither sensations nor zig zags the answer you 're looking for a DC voltage without the component! Can a VGA monitor be connected to the excitation voltage is continuously sensed precision! Power, the curve is practically linear for small displacement ( say about 5 mm.. Assembly and a core as well as a null position until a referenced main excitation voltage is converted using. Of sensor can not be lost means that in the event of loss of power, the output determines!