VERSE 6. This text explicitly states that there is an interim stage where souls are purified and that they can be helped by suffrages offered by the living. VERSE 55. [This chapter is in Orthodox and Catholic Bibles] Alexander the Great. Simon is succeeded by his son, John, referred to by Josephus as John Hyrcanus. The vigorous reaction to this attempt established for a time the religious and political independence of the Jews. Chapter 6 reports the last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the accession of his young son Antiochus V Eupator to the throne. He either used or reconstructed primary sources such as letters, poetic accounts, and possibly court histories. The First Book of Macabbees is recognized as Deuterocanonical Scripture by the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Some Protestants include the book as biblical apocrypha, material useful for background and edification but that is not canonical. He bans the observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. As the Bible says, "On the eighth day, God created Shmoop and saw that it was good." Or something like that. It is not in the Codex Vaticanus. This is alluded to in two other passages: Daniel 9:27. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. [20] The book is not written in colloquial "common" Koine Greek of the 2nd century BC, but rather a more archaic style of Greek consciously imitative of the style of older scriptures. VERSE 31. However, this original Hebrew has been lost, and the work only survives in translation in Koine Greek contained in the Septuagint, the Greek version of the Jewish scriptures. Uriel Rappaport calls it emblematic of Hasmonean politics in general: that the Hasmonean state was an explicitly Jewish one that sought to separate itself from polytheism, yet was pragmatic and sought allies where they could be found.[9]. Prefixed to the book are two "festive" letters (1.1 - 10a and1.10b - 2.19), sent from the Jews in Jerusalem to the Jews in Egypt. He also forbids circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures, imposing the death penalty for those who disobey. (He had previously become king of Greece.) He then calls forth the people to holy war against the Gentiles and their Jewish collaborators. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). And they stored up arms and food, and gathering together the spoils of Jerusalem, they laid them up there, and they became a sore snare: VERSE 36. and it became a place to lie in wait in against the sanctuary, and an evil adversary to Israel continually. After his death in battle c. 161 B.C.E., his brother Jonathan succeeds him. by Daniel R. Schwartz. VERSE 32. The Greek text is extant in two of the three oldest codices of the Greek Septuagint: the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Alexandrinus. Unlike the Second Book of Maccabees, there is no doctrine of individual immortality except in the survival of ones name and fame, nor does the book express any messianic expectation, though messianic images are applied historically to the days of Simon (1Mc 14:417). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 64 My children, be courageous and grow strong in the law, for by it you will gain honour. VERSE 41. Corrections? That is, each nation should abandon its religious customs. These include four laments and three hymns of praise. ", The Church Father Origen relates that the title of the Hebrew original was Sarbeth Sarbanael, translated either as "the Book of the Prince of the House of Israel" or "the Book of the Dynasty of God's resisters.". At Explore the Faith, I share insights into the Bible and theological writings. The two Books of Maccabees contain independent accounts of events (in part identical) that accompanied the attempted suppression of Judaism in Palestine in the second century B.C. [47] No angels or miracles come to save the Jews; rather, it is the divinely-approved firm leadership of the Hasmoneans that leads to victory.[9]. By the end of the war, Simon was the only one of the five sons of Mattathias to survive and he ushered in an 80-year period of Jewish . In either case, only the Greek text has survived, and this only through its inclusion in the Christian canon. Throughout the early Christian period, IV Maccabees was wrongly attributed to Josephus. It describes the refusal of Mattathias to perform pagan religious rites, the ensuing Jewish revolt against Syrian hegemony, the political machinations whereby Demetrius II of Syria granted Judaea its independence, and the election of Simon as both high priest and secular ruler of the Judaean Jews. VERSE 39. And when he had taken all, he went away into his own land, and he made a great slaughter, and spoke very presumptuously. And he called his servants, which were honorable, which had been brought up with him from his youth, and he divided to them his kingdom, while he was yet alive. Compare 1 Maccabees 10:65. Jonathan becomes high priest (1 Maccabees 10:20). Pride goes before destruction, and an arrogant spirit before a fall. That is, they covered over their circumcision. The First Book of Maccabees, originally written in Hebrew during the last part of thesecond century b.c.e.,1 can be read, among other things, as the story of the 1 CarlL.W. Hellenization included the construction of gymnasia in Jerusalem. 1 Maccabees - Chapter 1. In 168 BC, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" (establishing rites of pagan observance in the Temple, or sacrificing an unclean animal on the altar in the Holy of Holies). the hundred and thirty and seventh year. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Finally, after Matthathias dies, his son Judas succeeds in liberating the Temple precincts and reconsecrating the Temple itself in 165 B.C.E. This is a terrible punishment. Even in stories set during the Maccabean period, references to Judas by name were explicitly removed to avoid hero-worship of the Hasmonean line. Book of Deuteronomy. The people, in turn, must worship the Lord alone and observe exactly the precepts of the law given to them. There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women, and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. For more details about the Maccabees family and battles with the Greeks, please read 1 Maccabees. Other texts lay stress on the intercession of the saints and the value of prayers for the dead (12:43-46), which are the basis of the dogma of the communion of saints. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers to celebrate this event (1 Maccabees 4:59). VERSE 33. 2 Maccabees interprets the misfortunes of the Jews as God's punishment for their own sins; the author of 1 Maccabees depicts the problems as due to the external evil of Antiochus IV and his generals, not as a cleansing ordeal that was in some sense divine will. Probably written about 100 B.C.E., the book was included as scripture in the Greek Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible and later included in Christian scripture until the Protestant Reformation, when the apocrypha of the Old Testament were generally rejected by Protestants. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated[ a] King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. And Alexander reigned twelve years, and he died. [9][10] The author appears to be very familiar with Judea and its geography, but appears less well-informed about the wider Hellenistic world. [40] Jews who complain about Judas's activities "bring to the king an accusation against the people". That is, about 168 BC. Some even engage in foreskin restoration. Acts of the Apostles. According to the text, some Jewish men even engaged in foreskin restoration in order to pass as fully Greek. And the inhabitants of Jerusalem fled because of them; and she became a habitation of strangers, and she became strange to those who were born in her, and her children forsook her. 1 Maccabees,[note 1] also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom. The book is not part of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and is not considered canonical by Protestant denominations nor in any of the major branches of Judaism. [ a] 2 He had five sons: John, who was called Gaddi; 3 Simon, who was called Thassi; 4 Judas, who was called Maccabeus; 5 Eleazar, who was called Avaran; and Jonathan, who was called . The Maccabees then ruled over Israel, first as High Priests and then as High Priests and Princes of Israel. John R. Bartlett argues for somewhere between 11090 BCE. They establish a gymnasium, where men socialized in the nude. With the advent of the printing press that obviated the need for scribes to manually and repeatedly copy such works, 1 Maccabees became more widely available. The Second Book of the Maccabees. The king will require Jews to reject their Covenant with the One God. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeateda King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. That is, men of Israel came forth. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish law, resulting in the Maccabean Revolt. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The author of I Maccabees, likely the Hasmonean court historian, wrote his history during the high priesthood (135/134104 bce) of John Hyrcanus I, son and successor of Simon. Grimm indicates the time span for when the book could have been written to be from 105-64 b.c.e. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. [44] Notably, the author makes no reference to the idea of a bodily resurrection, which the Sadducees opposed. And he took the spoils of the city, and set it on fire, and pulled down the houses thereof and the walls thereof on every side. they chose to die. First Maccabees (written circa 134-104 BCE and describing the period of 166-135 BCE) is devoted to presenting the Maccabean dynasty, from Mattathias through his son Judah, to Jonathan and Simon who became high priests and gained political independence.. First Maccabees was written in Hebrew (though it is only preserved today in Greek) for a Judean audience in a Biblical style that emphasizes . 1 and 2 Maccabees are stories that reflect on oppression and resistance. And he fought many battles, and won many strongholds, and killed the kings of the earth. According to the first book of Maccabees, one of the Hellenistic kings defiled the temple, forbade circumcision, and even set up altars to his gods. This might mean the women were forcibly tattooed. (1 Maccabees 2.62-64). When Mattathias died (c. 166 bc), his son Judas Maccabaeus recaptured Jerusalem and reconsecrated the temple, an event celebrated in the holiday Hanukkah. The people of Israel have been specially chosen by the one true God as covenant-partner, and they alone are privileged to know and worship God, their eternal benefactor and unfailing source of help. 2He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension . 2023 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Judas victory over Nicanor ensures the liberation of the Jewish people and guarantees the proper worship of the true God. Snow Crash Summary. The Greeks recognize him as high priest, but like Judas, he finds himself caught between competing Greek kings who are engaged in their own civil war for control of the Seleucid Empire. VERSE 57. The Book of 1 Maccabees CPDV summary. It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King Antiochus IV Epiphanes and the formation of a rebellion against him by Mattathias of the Hasmonean family and his five sons. The school of philosophy seen in 1 Maccabees is often thought to be a predecessor to the philosophy of the Sadducees in later eras. This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. The time period described is from around 170 BC to 134 BC. Friend. In 285 he abdicated in favor of his son Ptolemy II, who became involved in a struggle with the Seleucid kings. The Septuagint was preserved by early Christians as the basis for the Christian Old Testament. And after these things he fell sick, and perceived that he should die. VERSE 59. Many scholars believe that they were placed there after the composition of the book by some inspired editor . The author sees the revolt as divinely ordained, but downplays direct divine intervention such as miracles. Look out for the similarities and differences between the two. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 16:1 Then John came up from Gazara, and told Simon his father what Cendebeus had done against their people. The First Book of Maccabees (I Maccabees) is historical work extant in Greek, covering the period of 40 years from the accession of Antiochus Epiphanes (175 B.C.E.) 12:1-23). to the death of Simeon the Hasmonean (135 B.C.E.). Ptolemy supposedly threatened the Jews with loss of citizenship after Palestinian Jews refused to permit him to enter the sanctuary of the Temple of Jerusalem. I Maccabees presents a historical account of political, military, and diplomatic events from the time of Judaeas relationship with Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria (reigned 175164/163 bce) to the death (135/134 bce) of Simon Maccabeus, high priest in Jerusalem. VERSE 29. Alexander the Great. The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. That is, he spoke deceitfully. The rededication of the Jerusalem Temple described in 4:3659 (see 2Mc 10:18) is the origin of the Jewish feast of Hanukkah. Mattathias proclaimed a holy war; Jewish armed resistance operated from the wilderness with great success under the successive leadership of three of Mattathias sonsJudas Maccabeus, the undisputed leader of the Jews (3:1-9); Jonathan (9:28-12:53), and Simon (chap. [62], The book was never included in the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh and is not canonical in Judaism. And king Antiochus wrote to his whole kingdom, that all should be one people. He imposes a tax and establishes a fortress for his soldiers in Jerusalem. [35] Simon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of Joppa (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. The Maccabees books were preserved only by the Christian church. According to 1 Maccabees, there were some early groups of Jewish rebels who refused to fight on the Sabbath, and perished accordingly (1 Maccabees 2:29-38) until the Maccabean patriarch Mattathias decided to change the law and permit defensive warfare on the Sabbath (2:39-41). Experts date the original Hebrew text sometime in the late second century B.C.E. [5] The entire work is generally considered to be a unity composed by a single author on both philological and thematic grounds, although there are occasional short passages sometimes contested as potentially being added at a later date. Scholarly estimates for the date of authorship include: Roman Missal, Lectionary, Revised Edition approved for use in the dioceses of England and Wales, Scotland, Ireland, published by Collins, Geoffrey Chapman and Veritas, 1981, 1982, volumes 2 and 3, The Revolt of the Maccabees: The True Story Behind Hanukkah, "The date of the first Book of Maccabees", "MACCABEES, THE - JewishEncyclopedia.com", "The Original Language of 1 Maccabees: A Reexamination,", "1 Maccabees, the first book of Maccabees", Session IV Celebrated on the eighth day of April, 1546 under Pope Paul III, The First Book of Machabees Liber I Machaborum, Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&oldid=1141777926, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 3:1 to 9:22, under the leadership of Judas Maccabeus, 9:23 to 12:53, under the leadership of Jonathan, Chapters 1316, under the leadership of Simon. VERSE 45. and should forbid whole burnt offerings and sacrifice and drink offerings in the sanctuary; and should profane the Sabbaths and feasts. Among other effects, this discouraged the Jewish rite of circumcision even further, which had already been officially forbidden; a man's state could not be concealed in the gymnasium, where men trained and socialized in the nude. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. Others, like Mattathias, fought to remain faithful to the Law. Note: 1 and 2 Maccabees are not included in most Protestant and Jewish Bibles. Hardcover; 9780300159936; Published: Tuesday, 26 Apr 2022; $85.00. From the time of Alexander onward Greek culture spread throughout the Middle East. CHAPTERS: 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, RESOURCES: Summary, Outline, Memorize, Chronology. he shall die. Omissions? VERSE 24. for the second, on the basis of the information given in the first letter they refer to (2 Mace. 13-16). he spoke words in subtlety. One of the most notable and unusual aspects of the book of 1 Maccabees by absence is the lack of any direct mention of God. He interprets the Maccabean victory not as a miraculous intervention by God, but rather as God's using the instrument of the military genius of the Maccabees to achieve his divine ends. For Jews, a highlight of 1 Maccabees is its description of the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem and the institution of Hanukkah. While enforcement may be targeting only Jewish leaders, ordinary Jews were also killed as a warning to others. VERSE 4. and he gathered together an exceedingly strong army, and ruled over countries and nations and principalities, and they became tributary to him. Help me reach the world for the Lord Jesus Christ. Luckily, when a skateboard courier called Y.T. Some Jews went along with the changes. [29] Jewish historian Uriel Rappaport[he] asserts that "the majority of scholars today accept the authenticity of this document". In the Church of England's lectionary of 1922 in the Book of Common Prayer, 1st Maccabees is appointed annually to be read in late summer/early autumn. If you like what I write, become my partner by donating. VERSE 34. 1 Samuel. Chapter 16. came there forth out of Israel. Jerome likewise claims "the first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style" (per Prologus Galeatus). He and his three sons begin a military campaign against them, the vicissitudes of which are described in detail. 1 The Simon mentioned above as the informer against the funds and against his country began slandering Onias, insinuating that the latter had been responsible for the assault on Heliodorus and himself had contrived this misfortune. 4:59). These translations have no copyright restrictions. It is a deuterocanonical work in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, and apocryphal in Protestant tradition. In this connection it gives a very moving account of the martyrdom of seven brothers, whose names are unknown but who are popularly called the Maccabees (2 Mac 7:1 ff). Shortly before his death, he divides his kingdom among his generals. The author is unknown. All this shows that these inspired books are well worth prayerful reading, particularly the second, which provides us with many edifying examples especially the humility which leads its protagonists to trust in God, their fortitude in defending their faith, their patience in dealing with obstacles to observance of the Law, and their deep piety, as shown in their prayer for their dead comrades. Rather, the book refers to "heaven" (ourans) instead, such as Judas saying in a speech that "It is not on the size of the army that victory in battle depends, but strength comes from Heaven. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. There is a faithful remnant. 2 He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. VERSE 22. and the table of the show bread, and the cups to pour withal, and the bowls, and the golden censers, and the veil, and the crowns, and the adorning of gold which was on the face of the temple, and he scaled it all off. The early Seleucid rulers were tolerant of the political and religious cultures of the territories they controlled, but things changed when Antiochus IV Epiphanes came to power, and the scene in Palestine became one of persecution and war. Antipathy toward the Seleucid-friendly Hellenizing Jews is unsurprising, as they were enemies in war, but 1 Maccabees extends criticism to internal Jewish opponents of the Hasmoneans as well. 2 Maccabees is a summary of Jason's five-volume work. (Das erste Buch der Maccaber [Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu They are Jewish people who do not observe the Law. 1 Maccabees. After Jesus redeemed mankind by dying on the cross, the just of the Old Testament were enabled to enter heaven, and thus the ancient people of God became the new Israel, which is the Church. After the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in 70 C.E., Judaism regrouped under the leadership of the rabbis. . Thus 1 Maccabeesas well as the other books of this genrefaced a major political obstacle to their acceptance. [44] For the author, bold military action while living is the proper response to oppression. . The historical integrity of the book, which was compiled from official written sources, oral tradition, and eyewitness reporting, is attested to by the absence of almost all of the conventions of the Hellenistic rhetorical school of historiography and by its uncritical use by the later Jewish historian Flavius Josephus. Alexandra was succeeded by another son, Aristobulus II. Given its exactness of dates, places and documents and its enthusiasm for the Jewish cause, 1 Maccabees must have been written by a Palestinian Jew who witnessed the events he describes; the author of 2 Maccabees was more likely an Alexandrian Jew and a Pharisee, given what he has to say about resurrection. First and Second Maccabees help us to realize that God watches over his own, and they show that Israel always wins victory over its enemies when it stays true to the Covenant. 1 and 2 Maccabees are set during the reign of the Seleucid Greek empire (the part of the Greek empire that found its roots in Syria). 2 Chronicles. The revolt is also known by the name Maccabee, after the most renowned of Mattathias's sons . [22], The narrative is primarily prose text, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections, which imitate classical Hebrew poetry. Chapter 14 also features a long panegyric praising Simon as a worthy leader.[10]. 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